Adenosine is a nucleoside molecule composed of adenine and ribose, fundamental in various biological processes. It serves as a building block for nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, playing a pivotal role in genetic information transfer and storage. Beyond its role in nucleic acid synthesis, adenosine acts as a signaling molecule in the body, regulating physiological functions such as neurotransmission, vascular tone, and inflammation. It exerts its effects through binding to specific adenosine receptors, influencing pathways involved in cardiovascular function, immune response modulation, and energy metabolism. Adenosine’s diverse roles underscore its importance in cellular homeostasis and its potential therapeutic applications in cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and inflammatory conditions.